The church originates from the 6th century and stands in an area where during the Ancient Roman period there were a temple, a theatre and possibly some baths.
In 1768 it was demolished and rebuilt in Neoclassical style, only the crypt remaining from the previous edifice.
Treviso Cathedral was involved in the Good Friday bombing of 7 April 1944, having part of its library damaged by fire.
Sights in the interior include the Malchiostro Chapel, designed by Tullio and Antonio Lombardo, which was frescoed by Il Pordenone and which houses the Malchiostro Annunciation by Titian and two canvasses by Paris Bordone.
The church has an unfinished bell tower, whose construction, according to the tradition, was stopped by the Venetian government to prevent it from becoming taller than the campanile of St. Mark's Basilica.