The administrative centre of the county was the city of Troki (present-day Trakai).

The area included most of the modern Trakai, Elektrėnai districts of Vilnius County, and Varėna, Šalčininkai districts of Alytus County, as well as part of Kaišiadorys, Alytus, and Prienai districts.

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Troksky Uyezd had a population of 203,401.

Of these, 58.1% spoke Lithuanian, 15.7% Belarusian, 11.3% Polish, 9.5% Yiddish, 4.6% Russian, 0.4% Tatar, 0.2% German and 0.1% Ukrainian as their native language.

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