[1] Unions for repatriations were created in the United States, France and Bulgaria among Russian emigrants after the publication of decrees by the CPSU Central Committee in 1921 and 1924.
The fate of the returnees, with few exceptions was tragic: the former military officers were shot upon arrival, and former soldiers were sent to Gulags.
[2] Some of the deceived returnees appealed to Russian immigrants not to believe the Bolshevik's assurances and seek protection from Commissioner for Refugees under the League of Nations, Fridtjof Nansen.
This led to creation of Nansen passport, which was recognized by 31 states, where more than 25,000 Russians have settled.
One of notable examples was assassination unit which included Nikolai Vasilyevich Skoblin, his wife Nadezhda Plevitskaya, Max Eitingon and Sergei Efron.