In 1889, the United States Congress created a federal court with jurisdiction over Indian Territory.
[2] Charles Bingley Stuart was appointed by President Grover Cleveland to replace Shackelford on March 27, 1893.
[4] In December 1895, Shackelford resigned and President Cleveland appointed Yancey Lewis to the bench.
[4] In 1899, Springer left office and President William McKinley appointed Joseph A. Gill as his replacement.
[5] In 1897, John Robert Thomas was appointed as the a "roving judge" to hear cases in all three district in Indian Territory.