[1] Kidney diseases are normally investigated and treated by nephrologists, while the specialty of urology deals with problems in the other organs.
[4] Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion.
[1] Complications of acute disease may include uremia, high blood potassium, and volume overload.
[6][7] Pre-renal kidney failure refers to impairment of supply of blood to the functional nephrons including renal artery stenosis.
Kidney failure may require medication, dietary lifestyle modifications, and dialysis.
Structural and or traumatic changes in the urinary tract can lead to hemorrhage, functional blockage or inflammation.