The National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan sent a total of 70 athletes to the Games, 52 men and 18 women, to compete in 13 different sports, tying its delegation record with Sydney four years earlier.

Seventeen athletes from the Uzbek team had previously competed in Sydney, including artistic gymnast and three-time Olympic medalist Oksana Chusovitina (who transferred to Germany in 2002 to treat her ailing son Alisher from leukemia),[2] freestyle wrestler Artur Taymazov, who won silver in men's super heavyweight, sprint freestyle swimmer and Asian Games champion Ravil Nachaev, trampoline gymnast Ekaterina Khilko, and heavyweight judoka Abdullo Tangriev, who later became the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony.

[1] At age 15, backstroke swimmer Olga Gnedovskaya set a historical milestone for Uzbekistan as the youngest ever athlete in history to compete at the Olympics.

Other notable Uzbek athletes featured road cyclist and world junior champion Sergey Lagutin, canoeist Anton Ryahov, who later competed for the Russian at his subsequent Olympics, and swimming siblings Danil Bugakov and Mariya Bugakova.

Uzbekistan left Athens with a total of five medals, two golds, one silver, and two bronze, being considered its most successful Olympics in history since the post-Soviet era.