Vectorcardiography (VCG) is a method of recording the magnitude and direction of the electrical forces that are generated by the heart by means of a continuous series of vectors that form curving lines around a central point.

Grygoriy Risman presents these different methods, which were developed over half a century and which offer an advanced approach called spatial vectorcardiometry (SVCM).

[7] The spatial QRS-T angle (SA) is derived from a vectorcardiogram, which is a three-dimensional representation of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) created with a computerized matrix operation.

The mean, normal SA in healthy young adult females and males is 66° and 80°, respectively,[9] and very similar magnitudes are found in the elderly population (65 years and older).

[12] Current standard ECG markers of repolarization abnormalities include ST depression, T wave inversion and QT prolongation.

[citation needed] A simplified criteria in using the vectorcardiogram has the ability to identify patients with a diaphragmatic infarction not apparent in the electrocardiogram.