Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships: The entire township lies in the Virginia Military District.

Part of Cowan Lake State Park is located in Washington Township.

No municipalities are located in Washington Township, although the unincorporated community of Cuba lies in the western part of the township.

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1.

There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[6] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election.