This name refers specifically to the regions of Eastern Pomerania, Greater Poland, Warmia, and occasionally Upper Silesia.
This term, styled after Eastern Borderlands (Polish: Kresy Wschodnie) was first used by Jan Chryzostom Zachariasiewicz in his novel Na kresach published in 1860, but it did not enter common usage.
There were uprisings in 1806, 1846, and 1848 but the main battle between the Polish majority and large German minority was for economic domination in these provinces.
After World War I, most of this area became part of the Second Polish Republic as a result of the Greater Poland and Silesian Uprisings and decisions by the victorious Allies.
Polish leader Józef Piłsudski was treated with considerable reserve or with open enmity.