The Anau culture was an ancient agricultural civilization of Central Asia centred in southern Turkmenistan.

The lowest layers of the north mound in Anau provide some good evidence for the transition from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic in the area.

More recent excavations at Monjukli Depe, which also has some Anau culture occupational levels, also helped to establish the regional chronology.

Ceramics similar to Anau IA are also found on the Iranian plateau, in northeastern Iran, and in southern Turkmenistan.

Remains of the domestic pig Sus vittatus have been found here in the first sedentary horizon seemingly having appeared suddenly which would indicate it having been imported.

An enigmatic stamp seal was found here, that may be the first evidence of an indigenous written language in Anau.