These spots begin as distinguishable moist, brown lesions normally restricted to the bottom of the plant until they enlarge and coalesce, often killing the entire leaf.
Because of its enzymes inability to break down highly lignified cell walls, this pathogen prefers to feed on younger tissues and often follows xylem vessels into developing buds and seeds.
manihotis has been shown to survive asymptomatically for up to thirty months without new host tissue, but is a poor survivor in soil.
Plantations of Manihot esculenta often take place in soils characterized for being arid, lacking in nutrients, and prone to erosion especially when the cultivation occurs in sloped fields.
[5] This crop is commonly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America, and X. axonopodis has followed it.
[7] The favorable conditions described allow colonial growth and eventual swarm behavior to enter hydathodes, stomata, or wounds.
[citation needed] Similar to other phytobacteria, Xam requires the assembly of a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to initiate infection.
[11] After gaining nuclear entry, sequence-specific protein-DNA interactions are carried by the central region, which recognizes a specific DNA sequence to which it attaches.
[10][12] It has been recorded that Xam works with the activation of SWEET sugar transporters, promoting the efflux of glucose and sucrose to the apoplasm for bacterial benefit.
Pruning or total extirpation of infected plant tissue, weed removal, use of certified seeds, bacterial analysis of stem cuttings and crop rotation are used the most to limit the disease presence in the field.
In areas where bacterial wilt has not yet been established, it is important to raise a new crop from a meristem culture certifiably free of disease.
[3] Furthermore, the sanitation of tools and big machinery are crucial to avoid the infection of healthy plants through mechanical inoculation.
[1] Colombian clones of cassava normally susceptible to bacterial blight showed a yield increase by a factor of 2.7 when applications of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. putida were applied four times a month during the growing season.
The resistance which has been identified in South American strains of cassava works by preventing colonization of the xylem.