[1] Shortly after his birth, he moved with his parents to Paulus Hook (later incorporated as Jersey City), where his father worked in a glass factory operated by the brothers George and Phineas C.

[3] In 1832, McQuaid's father was killed by a fellow factory worker and eight-year-old Bernard was placed in the Catholic orphanage on Prince Street in Lower Manhattan, staffed by the Sisters of Charity.

[10] McQuaid bought two horses and carriages to travel through this expansive territory, and celebrated Masses in private homes and hotel ballrooms where there was no church.

[15] In one of his first acts as rector, McQuaid recruited the Sisters of Charity, who had cared for him as a child in New York and had been founded by Bishop Bayley's aunt Elizabeth Ann Seton, to take charge of the orphanage attached to the cathedral.

[18] He returned to St. Patrick's at Newark for two years before resuming his duties as president in July 1859, retaining his role as rector of the cathedral and remaining in those positions until he became a bishop.

[23] The following week, the American flag was raised above the cathedral and McQuaid was invited to address a public meeting at the local courthouse, where he declared that "this glorious Union would be sustained against any enemy, whether in our land or from a foreign country.

Michael Corrigan joined the faculty of Seton Hall in September 1864, a lasting friendship and partnership began between him and McQuaid, who would become the two most prominent conservative leaders among the American bishops of their time.

[27] As one historian described their relationship: The McQuaid-Corrigan relationship developed at Seton Hall and so highly did McQuaid esteem the mind and administrative talents of the young Corrigan, that rightly or wrongly, McQuaid later would claim credit for Corrigan's advancement: first to Seton Hall, then to [Bishop of] Newark and finally his promotion to Archbishop of New York.

[29] In addition to his duties as college president and cathedral rector, McQuaid was appointed vicar general of the Diocese of Newark in September 1866.

Thomas O'Flaherty from his position as pastor of Holy Family Church in Auburn due to the priest's financial mismanagement of the parish and his subsequent refusal to provide an itemized statement.

"[39] McQuaid only lifted the suspension 23 years later, at the behest of Apostolic Delegate Francesco Satolli, on the sole condition that O'Flaherty not be allowed to resume active ministry within the Diocese of Rochester.

[42] Like the O'Flaherty affair, the Lambert case attracted bad press for McQuaid, who complained to Bishop Richard Gilmour in April 1889, "Here I am like a culprit snarled at by all the cheap Catholic newspapers of America from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

McGlynn was a social reformer who actively supported Henry George and the "Single Tax" movement, which McQuaid believed ran contrary to the Church's teaching on the right to private property.

Constant appeals to Rome from American priests against their bishops led to early discussions of appointing an Apostolic Delegate to the United States in order to settle these disputes.

McQuaid opposed this idea from the start, writing to then-Bishop Corrigan in February 1877, "The 'Apostolic Delegate' business is a very serious one, and one destined to make trouble if followed up.

"[46] While visiting Rome in late 1878, McQuaid vowed to "use all judicious efforts with all suitable persons from the Pope down to put a stop to this Delegate arrangement.

"[47] His efforts succeeded in delaying the appointment of an Apostolic Delegate until 1892, when Francesco Satolli was named to the post and secured the reinstatement of priests like Thomas O'Flaherty and Edward McGlynn.

"[48] In a letter from Rome on April 24, 1870, McQuaid wrote to the rector of Rochester's cathedral: Opposed to the definition are so many Bishops of unquestionable devotion to the Holy See, who will vote [against] if it should come before them that men stop to think.

[49]At the beginning of the Council, McQuaid and a minority of bishops unsuccessfully petitioned Pope Pius IX to not have infallibility proposed to the gathering.

McQuaid's opposition intensified as the planning committee, dominated by Ireland and Keane, proposed a location in Washington, D.C., close to Gibbons in Baltimore.

When Keane was removed as the university's rector by Pope Leo XIII in 1896, McQuaid was elated and told Corrigan, "The news from Rome is astounding.

The death of Bishop Francis McNeirny in January that year left no Catholic on the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York.

[71] Given his troubled history with Lambert and Malone's liberal views, McQuaid announced his own candidacy, telling Archbishop Corrigan, "All I care about is to defeat these two.

[72] The election ended in a Republican victory and the passage of the Blaine Amendment to the Constitution of New York, denying public funding to religious schools.

"[73] A few weeks after the election, on November 25, McQuaid delivered a sermon at the Rochester cathedral and denounced Ireland, describing his actions as "undignified, disgraceful to his episcopal office" and saying "this scandal deserves rebuke as public as the offense committed.

In a letter to Cardinal Mieczysław Halka-Ledóchowski explaining his actions, McQuaid declared: Of late years, a spirit of false liberalism is springing up in our body under such leaders as Mgr.

[27]McQuaid's opinion was vindicated by Rome in January 1899, when Pope Leo XIII issued Testem benevolentiae nostrae and condemned "Americanism" as a form of Modernism that was undermining Catholic doctrine to adapt the Church to Protestant culture.

In response, McQuaid took to his cathedral pulpit again on June 25, 1899, criticizing attempts to minimize the issue and insisting that "there was a species of Americanism which the Holy Father had condemned prior to his encyclical.

"[27] In his sermon, he pointed to four examples: 1) the participation of Ireland, Keane, and Gibbons at the 1893 Parliament of the World's Religions, which put Catholicism on par with the "lowest forms of evangelicalism and infidelity"; 2) their support for the Poughkeepsie plan and "godless public schools"; 3) their support for a more open policy toward "secret organizations" and their "hope that soon the ban would be raised from Freemasonry"; and 4) Keane's lecture at Harvard University in 1890 "to advertise...the new born liberalism of the Catholic Church.

McQuaid made Hemlock Lake his second home and hosted such guests as Archbishop John Joseph Williams of Boston, who spent his summers there until his death in 1907.