Human fibroblasts and osteoblasts were shown to be capable of producing bone growth factors after stimulation.
BMP targets and binds to mesenchymal cells and activates a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptor which will lead to the phosphorylation of molecules called SMADS.
[8] The majority of the substrates of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) exhibit similar structures to Src Homology 2 domain.
The combination of these polypeptides form the homodimeric (AA) or (BB), or heterodimeric (AB) chains of PDGF.
Studies carried out by Yakar S, Rosen CJ have shown in animal models that IGF-1 can enhance longitudinal growth, periosteal circumference, and bone mineral density.
Some causes that lead to osteoporosis is how old you are, and decreasing amount of estrogen, which is why it mainly occurs in older women (however it can also impact men as well).
[19] During a recent study performed at Children's Medical Center Research Institute at UT Southwestern, Bone Growth Factor Osteolectin (Clec11a) has also shown regenerative properties.
[21] Several studies have shown a correlation between the administration of bone growth factors and the amelioration of the tendon-to-bone healing.
The focus of these studies was primarily on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) located in the knee, due to the high number of injuries sustained by athletes.
[22] The University of Dammam, King Fahd Hospital in Saudi Arabia was able to show that the addition of SHMSP bone growth factor via powder facilitated the process of tendon-graft healing in rabbits.
[22] The Hospital for Special Surgery in New York conducted a similar study, in which a collagen sponge containing bone protein was implanted in the ACL of rabbits.
[23] In a separate study also implemented by the Hospital for Special Surgery as well as the University of California, treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament utilized the recombinant human bone morphogenic protein rhBMP-2 in two phases.