[6] The most common signs of BPSV in cattle are raised, erosive lesions around the muzzle, lips, cheek linings, and udders.

[7] One survey revealed that the majority of oral swabs from healthy calves indicated a positive result for BPSV DNA.

[5] Students at the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine showed clinical signs of the virus in the late 1970s.

Five individuals (students and faculty members) at the university were exposed to and possibly contracted BPSV- sparking the development a surveillance program to determine the frequency of the disease.

[8] BPSV affects keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis, causing ballooning, vacuolation, and erosive dermatitis.

[12] vVEGFs mimic host vascular factors that bind to receptor tyrosine kinase enzymes and include N- and O- linked glycosylation sites, unique cystine knot motifs, and aspartic acid residues that bind specifically to VEGF receptors.

[11] This divergence hints at an evolutionary path that has allowed Parapoxvirus-CBPs (PPV-CBPs) to develop this broader interaction capability, which is also seen in some herpesviruses.

[11] One study showed that BPSV-CBP significantly inhibited neutrophil infiltration in a skin inflammation model, although this effect was temporary.

[11] The study states that poxviruses utilize unique chemokine-binding strategies to evade the robust immune response of the skin, a primary barrier against infection.

[11] The ability of BPSV-CBP to modulate neutrophil responses indicates its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, though it may need to be used alongside other treatments to effectively manage inflammation in skin disorders.

BoHV-1 has 3 main envelope glycoproteins (gB, gD, and gC) that, when reactivated after a latent period, induce a targeted immune response.

[7] Researchers in this study created a recombinant BPSV-C5 strain that contained a modified BoHV-1 gD gene and was able to inhibit the NF-κB pathway, a crucial process during viral infection.

In the same experiment, ovine fetal turbinate (OFTu) cells were either uninfected or infected with BPSVgD/gB and examined using antibody-flagged immunofluorescence.