[2][3] A slightly modified account of this view is that activation of BA45 is needed only under controlled semantic retrieval, when strong stimulus-stimulus associations are absent.

[5] Lesions of the BA45 lead to the characteristic findings of expressive aphasia in individuals who are left hemispheric dominant.

However, Foundas, et al. found that the pars triangularis in Broca's area is actually larger than the same region in the right side of the brain.

This "leftward asymmetry" corresponded both in form and function, which means that the part of the brain that is active during language processing is larger.

In fact, the only subject tested that had right-hemispheric language dominance was found to have a rightward asymmetry of the pars triangularis.

That is, these regions tend to vary in size and shape much more than other areas of the brain, such as deep cortical nuclei.

Furthermore, these researchers demonstrated a characteristic processing pattern called an "N400", which refers to a negativity that appears in the pars triangularis about 400 ms after the syntactic mismatch is presented.

[9] However, the pars triangularis is likely to be only part of the network generating the N400 response in EEG since the magnetic counterpart N400m measured using MEG has been consistently localized to the superior temporal cortex.

A student taking a test and trying to remember the answer to a question is concentrating their attention on retrieving the memory.

This selection is thought to occur post-retrieval in the mid-VLPFC, which corresponds generally to the location of pars triangularis.

According to this view, this is the reason native speakers are able to speak so quickly while their late-bilingual counterparts are forced to stutter as they struggle to process grammatical rules.

When their subjects were undergoing experimentation, they were presented with consonant strings, pseudo-words, and words, and the delay between stimulus and brain activity was about the same for phonological and semantic processing, even though the two seemed to occur in slightly different regions.

[16] In the study "Semantic Encoding and Retrieval in the Left Inferior Prefrontal Cortex: A Functional magnetic resonance imaging Study of Task Difficulty and Process Specificity", researchers found that pars triangularis (as well as some of its neighbors) increased its activity during semantic encoding, regardless of difficulty of the word being processed.

Furthermore, they found that these semantic encoding decisions resulted in less involvement of pars triangularis with repetition of the used words.

That pars triangularis activity went down with repetition also signifies the movement of the task of recognizing the word from the conscious to the passive.

This idea, when paired with theories about pt's involvement in conscious retrieval of memory, serves to illustrate the complexity of the brain and its functions.

Another point of interest was that decreased pars triangularis activation with repetition did not occur with redundant presentation of nonsemantically processed words.

In this example, a person is trying to comprehend sound as a part of language, place the word they just heard in the category "names", while associating it also as a tag for the face they just saw, simultaneously committing all of these pieces of data to memory.

In this view, it hardly seems far-fetched that the roles of pars triangularis in language processing, semantic comprehension, and conscious control of memory are unrelated.

In fact, it would be unlikely for pars triangularis not to have multiple roles in the brain, especially considering its high degree of connectivity, both within the left frontal language center, and to other regions.

These investigators presented data showing that pt, specifically was highly distorted in schizophrenic patients compared with demographically matched normal subjects.

They asserted that Broca's area is an especially plastic region of the brain in that its morphology can change dramatically from childhood to adulthood.