[citation needed] The blue-ice area at the summit has a diverse range of tephra.

Most of the outcrops are covered in basalt, trachyte, and scoria glacial rubble.

[5] Between 1983 and 1984 a network of ten stations on Ross Island recorded 157 small earthquakes.

An analysis of epicenters showed a linear pattern cutting across and beyond the island.

[6] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.