Tang Chao (Chinese: 汤超; born 1958) is a Chair Professor of Physics and Systems Biology at Peking University.

He had his undergraduate training at the University of Science and Technology of China, then went to the United States through the CUSPEA program organized by Professor T. D. Lee.

In 1987, along with Per Bak and Kurt Wiesenfeld, he proposed the concept and developed the theory for self-organized criticality, which had and continues to have broad applications in complex systems with scale invariance.

He was a tenured Full Professor at the University of California San Francisco before returning to China in 2011.

He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the founding director of the interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Biology at Peking University and the founding Co-Editor-in-Chief of the journal Quantitative Biology.