Chungongtu

Zhang Heng, a scientist and poet of the Eastern Han Dynasty, has a line in his poem "Song of the Same Voice" (同声歌) that reference newly wedded couples viewing images together: "clothes are removed and the cosmetics wiped off, and the pictures are laid out on the pillow; the plain girl is my teacher, and the posture is great in thousand aspects.

"[9] Bai Xingjian, a poet of the Tang dynasty, mentioned it in "Tiandi yinyang jiaohuan dalefu".

"[need quotation to verify] Zheng Zhenduo mentioned in Talking about Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua (谈金瓶梅词话)" that "obscene lyrics and music" and chungonghua are hidden in the emperor's harem.

[need quotation to verify] The erotic art of China reached its popular peak during the latter part of the Ming Dynasty.

[11] The tradition's philosophical roots can be found in the conception of yangsheng that characterises sex as a small version of primal creative processes; therefore the art of chungongtu depicts less exaggeration of emotions than the Japanese shunga would, and it focuses more on showing foreplay rather than penetration, with an emphasis on emotional harmony.