Computing Machinery and Intelligence
"[1] To do this, he must first find a simple and unambiguous idea to replace the word "think", second he must explain exactly which "machines" he is considering, and finally, armed with these tools, he formulates a new question, related to the first, that he believes he can answer in the affirmative.
[5] It was a common topic among the members of the Ratio Club, an informal group of British cybernetics and electronics researchers that included Alan Turing.
Since Turing introduced his test, it has been both highly influential and widely criticised, and has become an important concept in the philosophy of artificial intelligence.
Turing now restates the original question as "Let us fix our attention on one particular digital computer C. Is it true that by modifying this computer to have an adequate storage, suitably increasing its speed of action, and providing it with an appropriate programme, C can be made to play satisfactorily the part of A in the imitation game, the part of B being taken by a man?
Having clarified the question, Turing turned to answering it: he considered the following nine common objections, which include all the major arguments against artificial intelligence raised in the years since his paper was first published.
[17] Be kind, resourceful, beautiful, friendly, have initiative, have a sense of humour, tell right from wrong, make mistakes, fall in love, enjoy strawberries and cream, make someone fall in love with it, learn from experience, use words properly, be the subject of its own thought, have as much diversity of behaviour as a man, do something really new.The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything.
[22]In the final section of the paper Turing details his thoughts about the Learning Machine that could play the imitation game successfully.
Turing then asks the question as to whether this analogy of a super critical pile could be extended to a human mind and then to a machine.
He likens the child to a newly bought notebook and speculates that due to its simplicity it would be more easily programmed.
A learning process that involves a method of reward and punishment must be in place that will select desirable patterns in the mind.
Turing then suggests that abstract tasks such as playing chess could be a good place to start another method which he puts as "..it is best to provide the machine with the best sense organs that money can buy, and then teach it to understand and speak English.".
An examination of the development in artificial intelligence that has followed reveals that the learning machine did take the abstract path suggested by Turing as in the case of Deep Blue, a chess playing computer developed by IBM and one which defeated the world champion Garry Kasparov (though, this too is controversial) and the numerous computer chess games which can outplay most amateurs.
[26] As for the second suggestion Turing makes, it has been likened by some authors as a call to finding a simulacrum of human cognitive development.
[26] Such attempts at finding the underlying algorithms by which children learn the features of the world around them are only beginning to be made.
