Important clinical examples include the chance of offspring having a certain disease if the mother has it, if the father has it, or if both parents have it.
Concordance among siblings is similarly of interest: what are the odds of a subsequent offspring having the disease if an older child does?
[1] The ideal example of concordance is that of identical twins, because the genome is the same, an equivalence that helps in discovering causation via deconfounding, regarding genetic effects versus epigenetic and environmental effects (nature versus nurture).
Other studies have involved looking at the genetic and environmental factors that can lead to increased LDL in women twins.
Samples from the same individual or identical twins theoretically have a concordance of 100%, but due to assaying errors and somatic mutations, they are usually found in the range of 99% to 99.95%.