[4] Discrimination can arise from various genetic markers identified by genotyping, such as athletic advantages or disadvantages in professional sports or risk of disease development later in life.
Advances in genotyping technology led to the realization that many cases of tuberculosis, including infected individuals living in the same household, were not actually linked.
Universal genotyping revealed complex transmission dynamics based on things like socio-epidemiological factors.
[6] The addition of whole genome sequencing (WGS) allowed for identification of strains of TB which could then be put in a chronological cluster map.
All of these different forms of genotyping are used together to detect TB, prevent its spread and trace the origin of infections.
For this purpose, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are used as markers and RNA sequencing is used to look at gene expression in crops.
[7] The knowledge gained from this type of genotyping allows for selective breeding of crops in ways which benefit agriculture.
In the case of alfalfa, the cell wall was improved through selective breeding that was made possible by this type of genotyping.