DNA adduct
For example, the term "DMBA-DNA adduct" in a scientific journal refers to a piece of DNA that has DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) attached to it.
It is the hope that in future medical practices DNA adducts may serve to guide therapeutic treatments that are more targeted and effective.
The N3 and N7 locations (nucleotide positioning) of guanine and adenine are believed to be the most nucleophilic, and hence, they form adducts selectively over exocyclic oxygen atoms.
Figure 2 shows each of the reactive sites for the nucleic acids involved in adduction and damage, with each form of transfer distinguished by arrow color.
In addition, there are other tobacco-specific carcinogens to consider in humans that are activated metabolically, such as nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN).
[25] Further analysis has been conducted on the topic, determining that 1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a human carcinogen that is found in cigarette smoke among other synthetic polymer industries.
Tests were conducted to understand the differences in the level of urinary BD-DNA adducts among various ethnic groups – white, Japanese American, and Native Hawaiian.
It was determined that Japanese American smokers exhibited heightened levels of urinary BD-induced guanine adducts than white and Native Hawaiian individuals, while there were no differences in outcome by ethnicity among non-smokers.
Understanding the epigenetic and genetic factors driving these differences in urinary BD-DNA adduct presence is the next step for this research, serving as a link between sociology and the life sciences.
Upon further investigation, it was determined that PM exposure causes oxidative stress – creating reactive oxygen species, forming DNA adducts, and inducing double-strand breaks (DSBs).
In regards to DNA adduct formation, this analysis was conducted after looking at leukocytes from residents of heavily-populated cities (e.g. pollution, long-term traffic); a common component of PMs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), was one of the many molecules considered to be highly correlated with the presence of DNA bulky lesions in these individuals.
