DNA ligase in E. coli, as well as most prokaryotes, uses energy gained by cleaving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to create the phosphodiester bond.

[5] It can ligate either cohesive or blunt ends of DNA, oligonucleotides, as well as RNA and RNA-DNA hybrids, but not single-stranded nucleic acids.

However, it is not uncommon to setup ligation reactions at 16 °C, a trade-off temperature at which the ligase is active as well as one that is suitable for base-pairing of sticky ends.

[3] Derived from a thermophilic bacterium, the enzyme is stable and active at much higher temperatures than conventional DNA ligases.

Ampligase DNA Ligase has been shown to be active for at least 500 thermal cycles (94 °C/80 °C) or 16 hours of cycling.10 This exceptional thermostability permits extremely high hybridization stringency and ligation specificity.

Controlling the optimal temperature is a vital aspect of performing efficient recombination experiments involving the ligation of cohesive-ended fragments.

The absence of stably annealed ends also means that the ligation efficiency is lowered, requiring a higher ligase concentration to be used.

DNA based self-assembly principles have proven useful for organizing nanoscale objects, such as biomolecules, nanomachines, nanoelectronic and photonic component.

[16] It was first purified and characterized by Weiss and Richardson using a six-step chromatographic-fractionation process beginning with elimination of cell debris and addition of streptomycin, followed by several Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column washes and a final phosphocellulose fractionation.

The final extract contained 10% of the activity initially recorded in the E. coli media; along the process it was discovered that ATP and Mg++ were necessary to optimize the reaction.

Xeroderma pigmentosum, which is commonly known as XP, is an inherited condition characterized by an extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight.

The ATM gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps control cell division and is involved in DNA repair.

Efficient repair of damaged DNA strands helps maintain the stability of the cell's genetic information.

Affected children typically develop difficulty walking, problems with balance and hand coordination, involuntary jerking movements (chorea), muscle twitches (myoclonus), and disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy).

[20] Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare, inherited blood disorder that leads to bone marrow failure.