In anthropology, folkloristics, linguistics, and the social and behavioral sciences, emic (/ˈiːmɪk/) and etic (/ˈɛtɪk/) refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained.
This approach aims to understand the cultural meaning and significance of a particular behavior or practice, as it is understood by the people who engage in it.
This approach tends to focus on the observable behaviors and practices of a culture, and aims to understand them in terms of their functional or evolutionary significance.
"The etic (scientist-oriented) approach shifts the focus from local observations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist.
[4] ...Emic knowledge and interpretations are those existing within a culture, that are 'determined by local custom, meaning, and belief' (Ager and Loughry, 2004: n.p.)
[citation needed] The terms were also championed by anthropologists Ward Goodenough and Marvin Harris with slightly different connotations from those used by Pike.
Jung studied mythology, religion, ancient rituals, and dreams, leading him to believe that there are archetypes that can be identified and used to categorize people's behaviors.
Archetypes are universal structures of the collective unconscious that refer to the inherent way people are predisposed to perceive and process information.
His studies also suggest that "infants have evolved to suck milk from the breast, it is also the case that all children have inborn tendencies to react in certain ways."
[11] The F-scale, which was created by Theodor Adorno, is used to measure authoritarian personality, which can, in turn, be used to predict prejudiced behaviors.
However, when a study was conducted in South Africa using the F-Scale, (Pettigrew and Friedman)[9] results did not predict any prejudices towards black individuals.