During his four decades at Zürich, Schulze concentrated on a variety of phytochemical studies, in the course of which he and his doctoral students discovered the amino acids Glutamine, Phenylalanine and Arginine, among many other organic compounds.
Schulze also laid emphasis on researching the importance of the amino acids Asparagine and Glutamine in the protein metabolism of plants.
At the end of his time in Zürich, Schulze researched the role of carbohydrates in plant cell membranes.
In the middle of the 1880s, Schulze was awarded the Liebig-Medal in silver, and in 1907 he won a prize from the Royal Society of Sciences in Göttingen.
In 1910, in recognition of his life's work, the University of Heidelberg awarded him an honorary medical doctorate.