After graduating from gymnasium in Böhmisch-Leipa in 1914, Schwarz studied German, history and geography at the University of Prague.
Schwarz received his doctorate and passed the state examination for German, history and geography in 1920, after which he worked as a teacher in Chomutov.
During this time, Schwarz headed a number of research projects on the language and history of Sudeten Germans.
Schwarz was expelled from Czechoslovakia in 1948, and subsequently worked as a primary school teacher in Pirna, while lecturing at the Philosophisch-theologische Hochschule Regensburg.
He was a prominent member of the number of scholarly organizations and commissions, and a co-founder of the Collegium Carolinum.