The foundations of the Confederation were Article 31 of the Vienna Final Act and the Execution Order of 1820.
It was also necessary to distinguish the Bundeskrieg (Federal War) in order to ward off attacks by foreign powers.
Federal execution may also have meant the fulfilment of duty by the Confederation at the expense of the canton (replacement action) or temporary suspension of subsidies.
The latter served the protection of cantonal organs against turmoil and disturbance in accordance to Article 52 of the Federal Constitution and may have been connected with the use of military troops.
Some army units serving in the First World War were used against striking workers, which ultimately also led to some casualties.