Voltage regulator module

On personal computer (PC) systems, the VRM is typically made up of power MOSFET devices.

Modern video cards also use a VRM due to higher power and current requirements.

How the numerical codes map to supply voltages is typically specified in tables provided by component manufacturers.

Since 2008 VID comes in 5-, 6- and 8-bit varieties and is mostly applied to power modules outputting between 0.5 V and 3.5 V. The VRMs are essential for overclocking.

When a chip is pushed past its factory settings, that increases the power draw, so the VRM needs to match its output accordingly.

Voltage regulator module for an IBM Netfinity 7000 M10 server running an Intel Xeon 500 MHz processor
Voltage regulator module for a Gigabyte Aorus X570 motherboard running on AMD Socket AM4
Haswell featured a FIVR.
Voltage regulator module (parts external to the processor's fully integrated voltage regulator) on a computer motherboard , covered with heat sinks