Fulrad

[2] Historians see Fulrad as important due to his significance in the rise of the Frankish Kingdom, and the insight he gives into early Carolingian society.

[6] When he became Abbot of Saint-Denis in the mid-eighth century, Fulrad became important in the lives of distinct historical figures in various ways.

[8] Each monastery had relics, which made them pilgrimage destinations; Fulrad profited from them with the taking some of the money that travelers placed on the collection near the saint's relic;[8] however “as abbot of Saint-Denis, Fulrad’s personal property also belonged to the monastery he led”.

[8] Fulrad never became bishop, but he did climb up the ladder of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, becoming a “capellanus”;[9] he was first Pippin III and then Charlemagne's “arch-Chaplain”;[9] he would later become their counselor.

[1] Fulrad had a close relation with the royal family, since he held office under both Pepin III and then Charlemagne.

[1] For instance, he motivated the Franks in siding with the Papacy, rather than the Byzantines;[1] this was a strategic diplomatic initiative that would end with Charlemagne becoming the Emperor from 800-14; but Fulrad would not see the result of his actions, as it occurred eleven years after his death in 784.

[3] In the “testament”, Fulrad presents a survey of certain places and gave a detailed account of the religious, political and economic differences between the towns.

[3] Fulrad's testament is also seen as an important look into the lives of Carolingian characters as he identifies certain people and traces their lineage.

[9] In that, Pippin III already had respect and trust in Fulrad; thus giving him the “highly important mission”[13] of going to “win over…[pope] [Zachary]”[14] on the matter of “changing government”.

[14] The Codex Carolinus, contains a summary of the response of Pope Zachary to Fulrad, which read, “it was better to call the person who has the royal power king rather than he who does not have it”.

[16] This charter gave all the land of: the Lombard king, donations of St. Peter to all future popes; which included such towns as Ravenna, San Marino, Gubbio and Northern Umbria.

[16] The charter is somewhat unclear—according to church writings of Pope Stephen II—however, the papacy did profit for the supposed vague charter that gave Fulrad these regions: Ravenna, Cesena, Comacchio, Fano, Pesaro, San Marino, Forlimpopoli, Urbino, and Montefeltro.

[6] In the letter, the pope stated that Charlemagne promised to dispatch someone with a “Royal Mandatum”[6] to act with the power of the king in Italy.

Much of what is now known about the Carolingian church at St Denis resulted from a lengthy series of excavations begun under the American art historian Sumner McKnight Crosby in 1937.

[26] The structure was about eighty meters long, with an imposing facade, a nave divided into three sections by two rows of marble columns, a transept, and apse at the east end.