[5] They may also play a role in the dimerization of non-endogenous RNAs to facilitate the replication of some viruses.
[6] They can be stabilized by central cations, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or caesium.
[1] Guanine tetrads are more stable when stacked, as intermolecular forces between each layers help stabilize them.
[1][2] For instance, guanine tetrads are found in the promoter region of the Myc family of oncogenes.
[10] They also function in immunoglobulin class switching and may play a role in the genome of HIV.