H4K12ac

In this way, H4K12 acetylation and deacetylation could open and close "critical windows" of environmental sensitivity.

[7] The regulation of transcription factors, effector proteins, molecular chaperones, and cytoskeletal proteins by acetylation and deacetylation is a significant post-translational regulatory mechanism[8] These regulatory mechanisms are analogous to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by the action of kinases and phosphatases.

Not only can the acetylation state of a protein modify its activity, but this post-translational modification may also crosstalk with phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and others for dynamic control of cellular signaling.

[12] The current understanding and interpretation of histones comes from two large scale projects: ENCODE and the Epigenomic roadmap.

This led to chromatin states which define genomic regions by grouping the interactions of different proteins and/or histone modifications together.

Chromatin states were investigated in Drosophila cells by looking at the binding location of proteins in the genome.

[15] A look in to the data obtained led to the definition of chromatin states based on histone modifications.

It results in good optimization and is used in vivo to reveal DNA-protein binding occurring in cells.

ChIP-Seq can be used to identify and quantify various DNA fragments for different histone modifications along a genomic region.