Anderson played in the 2013 14-and-under Babe Ruth League World Series in Moses Lake, Washington, with his team from Clifton Park, New York.

[18][19] To induce Anderson to forgo college baseball,[20] the Atlanta Braves selected him with the third overall pick in the 2016 draft and signed him for $4 million.

[28][29][30][31] On August 5, Anderson was promoted to the Gwinnett Stripers, and made his International League debut the next day.

[36][37][38] On August 26, 2020, Anderson was promoted to the major leagues for the first time, and his contract was selected to the active roster.

[42] Anderson finished the 2020 season with a 3–2 record over 6 games started and 321⁄3 innings, posting a 1.95 ERA with 41 strikeouts, while giving up just 21 hits.

[46] On October 1, 2020, making his first postseason appearance, Anderson earned the win against the Cincinnati Reds, clinching the Wild Card Series for the Braves.

He became the youngest pitcher in MLB postseason history to allow fewer than three hits while striking out nine while pitching at least six innings.

[47] In the NLDS game on October 7, Anderson threw 5.2 innings and got 9 strikeouts as the Braves beat the Miami Marlins 2–0.

[52] Anderson struggled throughout the 2022 season, starting 21 games, and pitching to a 9–6 record, alongside a 5.11 ERA, until he was demoted to the Gwinnett Stripers on August 7.

[54] In 2023, after impressive spring training performances from Jared Shuster and Dylan Dodd, Anderson was optioned to Triple-A Gwinnett to begin the regular season.

[71] His father, Bob Anderson, played college baseball at Siena[71] and won multiple New York State championships as a coach at Schalmont High School.