The National Olympic Committee of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos tautinis olimpinis komitetas, LTOK) sent a total of 62 athletes to the Games, 39 men and 23 women, to compete in 14 sports.

The Lithuanian team featured past Olympic medalists, including Laser Radial sailor and world champion Gintarė Scheidt, who previously won the silver in Beijing.

Basketball player Šarūnas Jasikevičius and heptathlete Austra Skujytė, on the other hand, were among the Lithuanian athletes to compete in four Olympic games.

Other notable athletes featured swimmer and world bronze medalist Giedrius Titenis, and NBA basketball stars Linas Kleiza and Jonas Valančiūnas (both played for the Toronto Raptors).

Among the nation's medalists were 15-year-old breaststroke swimmer Rūta Meilutytė, the youngest athlete of the team, who surprisingly won Lithuania's first ever gold medal in her sport,[2] and Laura Asadauskaitė, who became the final Olympic champion in London, after winning the women's modern pentathlon.