Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine radar equipment of World War II
The method of operation during the day was for radar to direct the flak's optical fire control towards the target.
The Würzburg was first operational in the summer of 1940, had a parabolic shaped antenna with a diameter of about 3metres and in some models could be folded in half for transport.
In response to jamming various models of Würzburg radar were developed to operate on various frequencies called "Islands".
Version E was a modified unit to fit on railroad flatcars to produce a mobile Flak radar system.
An Air portable version, the model differences were due to an operating frequency range being in 4 discrete bands between 91 and 200 MHz.
The EGON system was used to control pathfinders for bombing raids over both England and Russia, however, by now the Luftwaffe bomber force was running out of planes, pilots and fuel so the results were minimal.
Frequencies were similar to Freya (125 MHz) transmit power was 100 kW, resulting in a usable range of approx 200 km.
This allowed the PPI display from the radar station to be sent simultaneously to command HQ by HF cable, or by a UHF radio link.
Jagdhütte:This apparatus, which was produced by Siemens, gave a panoramic PPI display of the German IFF responses, using 24- or 36-metre rotating aerials.
The rotating upper part of the construction housed the separate parabolic transmit and receive antennae and reflectors, with the IFF above them as usual.
The control room was located below the antennae, from which its PPI image was also transmitted to command HQ at Charlottenberg by Landbrieftrager, similar to the Jagdschloss system.
It is believed that only one Jagdhaus was constructed, which fell into Soviet hands when it was captured by their troops in 1945, during which time it was damaged.
Lichtenstein B/C - FuG 202: Low-UHF band frequency range, introduced in 1941 it was the initial AI radar.
Deployed in large numbers with 32-dipole element Matratze (mattress) antenna arrays, it operated on the 61 cm wavelength.
Lichtenstein SN2 - FuG 220: Low-mid VHF band frequency range, introduced in 1943 in response to Allied jamming, and used an eight-dipole Hirschgeweih (a stag's antlers) antenna array.
Wavelength 1.6 to 1.9 meters, most often using same, eight-dipole "stag's antlers" antenna array with shorter dipole elements.
Each antenna array consisted of sixteen horizontally polarised dipoles, mounted in four groups of four in a vertical stack.
A variant of the Hohentwiel the Tiefentwiel (FuMG407); was tried as an Air Surveillance radar on the coast to try and detect low flying aircraft.
Its wavelength was 82 cm and its range depended on the height it was installed above sea level, but typically was about 15–20 km.
FuMO 15 - Sheer: Combination of a Berlin 9 cm and an Antenna from a Giant Wurzburg - seems to have been optimized for surface search in the same was as the Renner series was.
FuMO 214: A Wurzburg Reise reconfigured for use as a naval radar with a range of approximately 50 – 70 km against surface targets.
[5] FuG 221 Rosendahl: This was a Freya modified to locate British bombers by tracking their Monica warning radar emissions.
By the time development was completed the British had ceased using Monica, so never deployed[5] FuG 223: A family of passive airborne receivers tuned to various radar bands such as Freya and Würzburg.
The Fug223 was a version build from surplus FuG 227 components that detected reflected energy from an aircraft being illuminated by a ground radar.
In order to work it seems that the radar beam had to illuminate the target and the night fighter so that the two receivers could be synchronized.
This was a passive device which allowed night fighters to home onto bombers which had their rear warning 'Monica' active.
Monica was a short range VHF radar (200 MHz band) which was fitted to the tail of British heavy bombers facing down and back to give the rear turret gunner a warning display.
Extremely effective until the British captured a Junkers Ju 88G-1 night fighter with FuG 227 installed in July 1944,[8] and realised its mode of operation.
The CH pulse started a circular trace on a cathode ray tube (CRT) divided into forty sections.
FuG 350 Naxos ZR: Additional aerials added a tail warning system which allowed British night-fighters to be detected.
