Luxembourg has an embassy in Moscow and an honorary consulate in Saint Petersburg.

Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the United Nations.

In the history of bilateral relations, the first Russian president to come on an official visit to Luxembourg was Vladimir Putin on 24 May 2007.

In 1926, about a hundred White émigré families, mostly former officers, came over from Bulgaria to Luxembourg to work mainly in the flourishing iron ore industry.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Luxembourg, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "unfriendly nations".