Magnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery
Scientific researches revealed that magnetic drug delivery can be made increasingly useful in clinical settings.
The development of magnetic nanoparticle drug delivery started with Paul Ehrlich's concept of a "magic bullet".
Some key properties of magnetic nanoparticles include a large specific surface area, desirable biocompatibility, presence without causing disease or eliciting immune response, and superparamagnetism.
[3] Iron oxides, such as Fe₂O₄ and Fe₃O₄ in particular, play a key role in magnetic nanoparticle drug delivery.
Overall, these iron oxides display good magnetic properties, lower toxicity, and high stability against degradation.
[7] The combination of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) used as drug carriers for doxorubicin are influenced by external magnetism.
[4] The use of organic or inorganic coating molecules increases the half-life of the nanocarrier by delaying its clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES).
[4] Silica coatings increase the external surface area to assist in binding and are heat resistant.
Hydrophilic PEG interacts beneficially with the physiological environment to improve biocompatibility by preventing opsonization on the surface of the particles, thus increasing circulation time from minutes to hours, or even days, for magnetic nanoparticles.
MRI shows prolonged PEG circulation and increased SPIO-PEG-D particle accumulation within the tumor with magnetic guidance.
If these magnetic nanoparticles are coated correctly, they can interact with and enter body structures, allowing adequate delivery of a drug.
With the application of this remote control, accumulation and transfer of the magnetic nanoparticles is promoted, which has been especially useful in the delivery of anticancer drugs to specific tumor tissues.
When magnetic nanoparticles are in the bloodstream, they have high solubility and ionic strength, allowing them to interact with plasma proteins, stimulating the immune system to further inhibit their function.
Additionally, the proportion of the nanoparticle size to the target tissue has shown limitations in effective drug delivery, especially in the kidneys and the brain.
Intracellular barriers include the removal of the magnetic nanoparticles from the target membrane by ligand-dependent endocytosis followed by separation via acidification in the endosome chamber.
PEG, linear neutral polyether coatings have a tendency to lose their targeting capabilities in response to their "immune stealthing" function.
[12] A pH/magnetic field dual responsive drug loaded nanomicelle was developed for targeted magnetothermal synergistic chemotherapy of cancer.
Atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease is a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of the arteries, and there are models on how magnetic nanoparticle drug delivery could be used as a treatment.
However there have not been any in vivo or in vitro studies of magnetic nanoparticles being used to deliver drugs to the arteries to effectively reduce inflammation.
The scope of this application is the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders by functioning as contrast agents and drug carriers.
Magnetic nanoparticles inserted into rats' corneas or administered in an eye drop solution showed high adhesion to the target site.
