Mandaloun

Il s'exprimait fort bien en italien, comme la plupart des émirs et des cheiks du Liban...[4]In 1608, prince Fakhr-al-Din II of Lebanon concluded a secret economic and military alliance with the Grand Duke of Tuscany against the Ottoman hegemony.

Alarmed, the Ottomans dispatched the Muhafiz of Damascus to mount an attack on Lebanon in order to reduce Fakhr-al-Din's growing power.

Fakhr-al-Din chose to seek exile in Italy from 1613 until 1618 where he was hosted by Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

[7] These artisans who introduced elements of Italian architecture, including the bifora had to leave Lebanon precipitately in 1633 when Fakhr al-Din was deposed.

[8] The mandaloun was built with local limestone and consists of a vertical, fine column forming a division between two units of a window.

Mandaloun of the 17th-century Deir el Qamar Synagogue .
Mullioned windows, known as biforas at the Palazzo Medici Riccardi , where Fakhreddin spent the last year of his exile.