Some memory controllers, such as the one integrated into PowerQUICC II processors, include error detection and correction hardware.
[3] Many modern processors are also integrated memory management unit (MMU), which in many operating systems implements virtual addressing.
[4] Older Intel and PowerPC-based computers have memory controller chips that are separate from the main processor.
[5] Likewise, until Nehalem (circa 2008), Intel microprocessors used memory controllers implemented on the motherboard's northbridge.
[6] Other examples of microprocessor architectures that use integrated memory controllers include NVIDIA's Fermi, IBM's POWER5, and Sun Microsystems's UltraSPARC T1.
[citation needed] Some CPUs are designed to have their memory controllers as dedicated external components that are not part of the chipset.
[9][10] Memory scrambling has the potential to prevent forensic and reverse-engineering analysis based on DRAM data remanence by effectively rendering various types of cold boot attacks ineffective.
In current practice, this has not been achieved; memory scrambling has only been designed to address DRAM-related electrical problems.