[2] Some believe that mental events are not limited to human thought but can be associated with animals[3] and artificial intelligence[4] as well.
An opposing view is substance dualism, which claims that the mental and physical are fundamentally different and can exist independently.
For example, in his 1974 paper What Is it Like to Be a Bat?, Thomas Nagel argues that physicalist theories of mind cannot explain an organism's subjective experience because they cannot account for its mental events.
According to David Lieberman, introspection is the ability for a person to observe his or her own mental state or events.
According to Lieberman (2021), Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed that working memory consists of three distinct subsystems: what are called a phonological loop, a visuo-spatial sketchpad, and central executive.