With its seat in the town (now a village) of Mielnik, it belonged to Podlasie Voivodeship.
Until the Union of Lublin, the province of Podlasie was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; in 1569 it was transferred to the Kingdom of Poland.
Local sejmiks for Mielnik Land took place at Drohiczyn, where two envoys were selected to the Warsaw Sejm.
It had two royal towns, Mielnik and Łosice, both were residences of the starostas.
The Land of Mielnik ceased to exist after the third partition of Poland in 1795.