Mill scale

Thus mill scale can be removed from steel surfaces by flame cleaning, pickling, or abrasive blasting, which are all tedious operations that consume energy.

Leveraging this processing vestige by accelerating its corrosive effects through the metallurgical use of phosphoric acid or in conjunction with selenium dioxide can create a high contrast visual substrate onto which other compositional elements can be added.

When this refractory is cast and preheated, these scales provide escape routes for the evaporating water vapor, thus preventing cracks and resulting in a strong, monolithic structure.

Reduced iron powder may be obtained by conversion of mill scale into a single highest oxide i.e. hematite (Fe2O3) followed by reduction with hydrogen.

Shahid and Choi reported the reverse co-precipitation method for the synthesis of magnetite (Fe3O4) from mill scale and used for multiple environmental applications such as nutrient recovery,[2] ballasted coagulation in activated sludge process, and heavy metal remediation in an aqueous environment.