The National Museum of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus), established in 1952, is a state-sponsored historical museum that encompasses several significant structures and a wide collection of written materials and artifacts.

At its inception, the museum focused on the culture and history of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy.

In 1915, when the Eastern Front of World War I approached Vilnius, more of the exhibits was taken to Russia.

Its director was Jonas Basanavičius, one of the signatories to the Act of Independence of Lithuania.

The museum again became a separate entity in 1952 under the direction of the historian Vincas Žilėnas.