Neosclerocalyptus was an extinct genus of glyptodont that lived during the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene of Southern South America, mostly Argentina.

Fossils of Neosclerocalyptus were first collected by a "Sir Woodbine Parish, KH" from the Pleistocene strata near the Matanzas River in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, but where later sent to the Royal College of Surgeons in the UK, where they were later described by paleontologist Sir Richard Owen in 1845 as a species of the earlier named Glyptodon, naming it Glyptodon ornatus.

[4] The fossils were fragmentary, consisting only of 4 dorsal carapace osteoderms, but were destroyed during German bombing raids during World War II.

By moving away from the axis, the central figures became more prominent, and they came to occupy practically the entire surface of the small plaques on the side wings.

The terminal part of the tail was protected by a bone tube, almost cylindrical, a little depressed and slightly curved upwards, which corresponded to ten vertebrae.

This tube was equipped with two large convex terminal plaques, preceded by side plates that were reduced to the front of the tail, and which were separated from each other via two rows of peripheral figures.

The rest of the surface of the caudal tube was made up of oval elements separated by a single series of small polygonal figures.

[1][11] Neosclerocalyptus represents one of the best known glyptodont genera, due to the significant fossil remains belonging to N. ornatus and the number of species.

Neosclerocalyptus is part of the monogeneric tribe Neosclerocalyptini that is diagnosed from other Glyptodonts by 6 ambiguous synapomorphies, most of these being from the nasal anatomy and shape of the carapace.

The following phylogenetic analysis was conducted by Quiñones et al (2020), which included 5 named species of Neosclerocalyptus and 1 unnamed species:[12] Propalaehoplophorus Boreostemma Glyptotherium Glyptodon reticulatus Plohophorus Doedicurus Eleutherocercus Eosclerocalyptus Hoplophorus Panochthus tuberculatus Panochthus intermedius Neosclerocalyptus sp.

[17][2] The northernmost occurrence of the genus is from Nuapua and Santa Cruz de la Sierra localities in Bolivia,[18][2] while the southernmost one is from Bahia Blanca in Buenos Aires Province.

[10][2] During the Ensenadan, the era in which the most Neosclerocalyptus fossils have been found, most of South America underwent a great cooling and more areas became open, arid spaces, though at certain intervals humid environments and rainforests would become more common.

[23][2] It seems that some morphological characteristics of Neosclerocalyptus (such as the strong development of the front-nasal sinus) allowed the animal to breathe easier in drier or colder environments than many other Glyptodonts.