The first paper on the theoretical prediction of possible odderon exchange was published in 1973 by Basarab Nicolescu and Leszek Łukaszuk.
[1] The odderon name was coined in 1975 in a paper from the same group (Joynson, D.; Leader, E.; Nicolescu, B. and Lopez, C.)[3] In December 2020, the DØ and TOTEM Collaborations made public their CERN and Fermilab approved preprint[2] later published in Physical Review Letters in August 2021.
[4] In this model dependently determined domain of validity, the Hungarian-Swedish team utilized a direct data-to-data comparison and showed that energy independent scaling function of elastic proton–proton collisions is significantly different from the scaling function of elastic proton–antiproton collisions, hence providing a statistically significant signal for the exchange of the elusive odderon.
The preprint of this analysis was made public in December 2019 and its final form it was published in February 2021.
Evaluating the proton–proton data with a model increased the uncertainty and decreased the odderon signal from proton–proton scattering data alone, but this decrease was well over-compensated with the ability of the model to evaluate theoretically the proton–antiproton scattering at the LHC energies, leading to an overall increase of the statistical significance from 6.26 to 7.08 σ signal.