Organogenesis

Organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and continues until birth.

[5] The mesoderm or middle germ layer of the embryo will form the blood, heart, kidney, muscles, and connective tissues.

[5] The ectoderm or outermost germ layer of the developing embryo forms epidermis, the brain, and the nervous system.

[1] Vertebrates develop a neural crest that differentiates into many structures, including bones, muscles, and components of the central nervous system.

In vitro and in response to specific cocktails of hormones (mainly auxins and cytokinins), most plant tissues can de-differentiate and form a mass of dividing totipotent stem cells called a callus.

The endoderm of vertebrates produces tissue within the lungs , thyroid , and pancreas . The mesoderm aids in the production of cardiac muscle , skeletal muscle , smooth muscle , tissues within the kidneys , and red blood cells . The ectoderm produces tissues within the epidermis and aids in the formation of neurons within the brain, and melanocytes .
Neural precursor cells fold and elongate to form the neural tube. Mesoderm cells condense to form a rod which will send out signals to redirect the ectoderm cells above. This fold along the neural tube sets up the vertebrate central nervous system.