[7] The bone and dentin protein osteopontin (OPN) which inhibits mineralization in the skeleton and in teeth is a substrate for PHEX.

[8] In the absence of functional PHEX in the mouse model (Hyp) of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), and in human XLH where PHEX activity is decreased or absent, increased circulating FGF23 hormone results in low serum phosphate (caused by renal phosphate wasting) such that there is an insufficient level of this mineral ion in the blood in transit to mineralized tissues compared to the normal amount that is required for proper bone and tooth mineralization; this leads to soft bones and teeth.

In addition to renal phosphate wasting, the mineralization-inhibiting phosphoprotein osteopontin and osteopontin fragments accumulate in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth to contribute locally to the reduction in mineralization, which together with the systemic lower level of circulating serum phosphate, both lead to the decreased mineralization (hypomineralization) characteristic of the osteomalacia and odontomalacia typically seen in XLH/Hyp.

Osteopontin (OPN) is a substrate protein for the enzyme PHEX whose enzymatic activity degrades/removes the mineralization-inhibiting function of OPN in normal mineralized tissue physiology,[14] In disease, when the PHEX gene is mutated causing reduced or absent PHEX enzymatic activity, OPN that would normally be degraded and cleared remains behind in the extracellular matrix of bones and teeth, accumulating locally in the tissue to contribute to the osteomalacia and odontomalacia.

[5] This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.