The Panaro is an Italian river and the final right-hand tributary to the Po, discounting the Cavo Napoleonico canal.

It runs right across Emilia-Romagna in a north-easterly direction: from its source close to the Apennine watershed, where Emilia-Romagna meets Tuscany, to its outlet where the Po marks the region's boundary with Veneto.

Its principal source, the Rio delle Tagliole, rises at Foce a Giovo, Monte Rondinaio, some 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of highest peak of the Tuscan-Emillian Apennines, Monte Cimone, elevation 2,165 metres (7,103 ft).

At Pievepelago (in the Province of Modena) it changes name to Scoltenna, assuming in the territory of Pavullo nel Frignano finally that of Panaro.

Of particular historical and artistic interest is the bridge of Olina, constructed in 1522, crossing the river close to the small town of the same name, in the commune of Pavullo nel Frignano