While some complications improve or are fully resolved after pregnancy, some may lead to lasting effects, morbidity, or in the most severe cases, maternal or fetal mortality.
A multidisciplinary approach is used to treat gestational diabetes and involves monitoring of blood-glucose levels, nutritional and dietary modifications, lifestyle changes such as increasing physical activity, maternal weight management, and medication such as insulin.
There are several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that predispose women to development of this condition such as female fetus, psychiatric illness history, high or low BMI pre-pregnancy, young age, African American or Asian ethnicity, type I diabetes, multiple pregnancies, and history of pregnancy affected by hyperemesis gravidarum.
This complication can cause nutritional deficiency, low pregnancy weight gain, dehydration, and vitamin, electrolyte, and acid-based disturbances in the mother.
Treatments for this condition focus on preventing harm to the fetus while improving symptoms and commonly include fluid replacement and consumption of small, frequent, bland meals.
For most pregnant individuals, PGP resolves within three months following delivery, but for some it can last for years, resulting in a reduced tolerance for weight bearing activities.
PGP can result in poor quality of life, predisposition to chronic pain syndrome, extended leave from work, and psychosocial distress.
Non-invasive treatment options include activity modification, pelvic support garments, analgesia with or without short periods of bed rest, and physiotherapy to increase strength of gluteal and adductor muscles reducing stress on the lumbar spine.
[27][28] Venous thromboembolism, consisting of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a major risk factor for postpartum morbidity and mortality, especially in highly developed countries.
Deep vein thrombosis, a form of venous thromboembolism, has an incidence of 0.5 to 7 per 1,000 pregnancies, and is the second most common cause of maternal death in developed countries after bleeding.
Such physiological modifications are more pronounced among individuals who suffer from undernutrition as well as chronic diseases associated with hemoglobin rehoming, like sickle cell anemia.
Prevention of anemia during pregnancy is complicated, and is often treated by a team effort of dietary supplementation, iron therapy, and continuous assessment of mother and fetal indices in a multidisciplinary approach.
[31] As an additional measure, emphasis is placed on the astute determination of the respective triggering points, and the application of optimal prenatal care to better maternal and fetal outcome.
The prenatal physiology complexity and immunity modulation inherently increase the risk of influenza, hepatitis E, and cytomegalovirus transmission.
[33] Avoidance actions like vaccines and strict infectious control protocols can be given priority in the policies aimed at limiting the risk of transmission among high-risk populations.
[36] Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a heart failure caused by a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to <45% which occurs towards the end of pregnancy or a few months postpartum.
The pathogenesis of peripartum cardiomyopathy is not yet known, however, it is suggested that multifactorial potential causes could include autoimmune processes, viral myocarditis, nutritional deficiencies, and maximal cardiovascular changes during which increase cardiac preload.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy can lead to many complications such as cardiopulmonary arrest, pulmonary edema, thromboembolisms, brain injury, and death.
For example, for anticoagulation due to increased risk for thromboembolism, low molecular weight heparin which is safe for use during pregnancy is used instead of warfarin which crosses the placenta.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism can include low energy, cold intolerance, muscle cramps, constipation, and memory and concentration problems.
This form of complicated pregnancy, which is a non-implication of a normally fertilized egg at any spot other than the uterus, involves operation failure, which can cause life-threatening conditions.
Placental abruption defined as the separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to delivery, is a major cause of third trimester vaginal bleeding and complicates about 1% of pregnancies.
Hence, though symptom severity variance and precipitous placental separation are not relevant, they can still cause the diagnosis and clinical management to be complicated.
Identifying risk factors beforehand in order to take steps and make quick reactions to minimize the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes for the mother or the fetus is essential.
The implementation of preventive measures, which include pre-conception counseling to deal with the modifiable risk factors, can significantly contribute to the reduction of incidents of placental abruption.
Placenta previa is primarily diagnosed by ultrasound, either during a routine examination or following an episode of abnormal vaginal bleeding, often in the second trimester of pregnancy.
[citation needed] Treatments are adapted according to their severity and the mother's state of health, from strict monitoring to cesarean section.
Monochorionic multiples may even become monoamniotic, sharing the same amniotic sac, resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and entanglement.
[59] Because of this, blood-borne microorganisms (hepatitis B, HIV), organisms associated with sexually transmitted disease (e.g., gonorrhoea and chlamydia), and normal fauna of the genito-urinary tract (e.g., Candida) are among those commonly seen in infection of newborns.
[60] These pre-existing factors may related to the individual's genetics, physical or mental health, their environment and social issues, or a combination of those.