Johanna Charlotte was the youngest daughter of John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1627–1693), from his marriage to Henriette Catherine of Nassau (1637–1708), daughter of Prince Frederick Henry of Orange.

On 25 January 1699 she married Philip William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1669–1711), in Oranienbaum.

After the death of her husband, Johanna Charlotte went back to Berlin and looked after the education of her children.

Johanna Charlotte died of an "apoplexy", without being ill, in the night of 30 to 31 March 1750.

From their marriage, Charlotte Johanna had the following children: This article about a member of the German nobility is a stub.