Leopoldine Marie was a daughter of Prince Leopold II of Anhalt-Dessau (1700–1751) from his marriage to Gisela Agnes (1722–1751), daughter of Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Köthen.

She had a particularly close relationship with her sisters Agnes and Casimire, with whom she mostly lived together, even after her marriage, and with whom she conducted an extensive correspondence when they were not together.

At age 18, on 28 September 1765 in Dessau, she married Count Simon August (1727–1782) of Lippe-Detmold, who was twice as old as she was.

She personally oversaw the modernizing of the princely residence Detmold Castle and the Court at Lemgo.

From her marriage with Simon August, Marie Leopoldine had one son: This article about a German countess is a stub.